A spinal tumour is the growth of a mass of cells in the vertebrae or spinal canal. Cancerous tumours that originate in the spine are rare, but the spine is a common site to which other cancers spread. 

One in four cancer patients will develop a tumour that metastasizes to the spine and causes pain and injury. However, not all spinal tumours are cancerous. 

Symptoms of spinal tumours 

Spinal tumours can cause various symptoms, especially as they grow. These can affect the spinal cord, nerve roots, blood vessels or the bones surrounding the spinal column. 

Some of the symptoms may include: 

• Pain near the tumour. 

• Back pain, which may also be worse at night. 

• Loss of muscle sensation, especially in the joints. 

• Difficulty walking. 

• Affected sensitivity. 

• Paralysis in various parts of the body.  

Vertebral tumours can be classified in diverse ways.  

Firstly, they are divided into benign and malignant, depending on their nature.  

They can also be primary or secondary, the former arising independently and the latter as a result of metastasis from other tumours. 

Vertebral tumours are most commonly classified according to their location into 3 types: 

Intraspinal tumours  

Intraspinal tumours are tumours that grow within the spinal canal of the vertebrae and are classified regarding their relationship to the dural sac and the spinal cord into three groups:  

• Extradural (55%): these are the most common spinal tumours and originate outside the dural sac, either from the vertebral bodies or epidural tissues. Metastases constitute the majority of these lesions.  

• Extramedullary intradural (40 %): originate in the leptomeninges or nerve roots; 96% primary and 4% metastatic. 

• Intradural intramedullary (5%): arise within the spinal cord tissue and displace or invade white matter, tracts, and neural bodies. 

Although this classification is somewhat oversimplified, as lesions may involve several compartments, it is particularly useful for tumour characterization. 

These tumours comprise a wide variety of histological types, with even more varied clinical symptomatology and prognosis. 

Correct diagnosis is crucial to determine the prognosis and to consider the best treatment. 

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) has revolutionized the diagnosis of intraspinal tumours, allowing early detection and improving anatomical localization. It is also a valuable tool in surgical planning and patient follow-up. 

The most frequent treatment is surgery which, if it allows complete resection, leads to full recovery in most cases. 

Spinal cord tumours can be of diverse types, as described above. Symptoms of spinal cord tumours may include muscle weakness or wasting, loss of sensation in certain areas of the body, and inability to control bowel and bladder function. Treatment may include corticosteroids, surgical removal, and radiotherapy. 

Some of them are: 

• Aneurysmal bone cyst 

• Osteoid osteoma 

• Chordoma 

• Chondrosarcoma 

• Osteosarcoma 

• Plasmacytoma 

• Ewing's sarcoma 

The most frequent histological findings according to location are: 

• Extradural: Metastases (lymphoma, lung, breast, prostate). Primary sarcoma. Myeloma. Neurofibroma. Meningione  

• Intradural Extramedullary: Neurofibroma (2/3 of cases), Meningioma, Filum Ependymoma, Lipomas, Others (rare) 

• Intradural Intramedullary: Ependymoma, Astrocytomas, Haemagiblastoma, Other 10%. 

Some characteristics 

• Astrocytoma: a tumour of the supporting cells within the spinal cord. 

• Meningioma: a tumour of the tissue covering the spinal cord. 

• Schwannoma: a tumour of the cells surrounding the cavities of the brain. 

• Ependymoma: a tumour of the cells lining the cavities of the brain. 

• Lipoma: a tumour of fat cells. 

Diagnosis 

Spinal tumours can sometimes be overlooked because their symptoms resemble those of more common diseases. For this reason, it is especially important that the doctor knows your medical history and performs general physical and neurological examinations. 

The main studies include: 

• Radiographs of the Spine (X-Ray) 

• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) 

• Computed Tomography (CT) 

• Somatosensory Evoked Potentials (SEP) and Electromyography (EMG). 

• Biopsy 

Treatments for spinal tumours 

The main goal of treatment is to eliminate the tumour, although depending on the treatment it can be complicated. The main option is usually to remove the tumour by surgery.  If this treatment is not sufficient and the tumour cannot be completely removed, other treatments such as radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy may be used later. 

Treatment may include corticosteroids. 

Seeing a doctor for continuous pain 

Spinal tumours are a serious health problem. Such formations can cause compression or damage. This may result in reduced mobility or sensation in the area below the tumour. 

Every so often they lead to bowel or bladder dysfunction. They may also damage the vertebrae and cause instability, thus increasing the risk of fracture or collapse of the spine. Both conditions may affect the spinal cord. 

If these tumours are detected early, they are much easier to treat and carry fewer risks. It also increases the likelihood of recovery. Some vertebral tumours alone are life-threatening. 

Neuroinstitut has highly specialized expert specialists for the treatment of spinal injuries. With HIGH SAFETY OF SPINE SURGICAL PROCEDURES, given by the standardized use of neuronavigation, intraoperative imaging (O-Arm) and constant intraoperative monitoring of neurological function during surgery in combination with MINIMALLY INVASIVE surgical PROCEDURES, such as spinal endoscopy, percutaneous procedures, tubular and microscopic approaches.

Occipitocervical instability refers to a condition characterized by abnormal movement or instability between the base of the skull (occiput) and the upper spine (cervical spine). The occipital-cervical region plays a crucial role in supporting the head and facilitating head movement, so instability in this area can be problematic and potentially serious.

There may be several causes of occipitocervical instability, including traumatic injuries, congenital anomalies, degenerative conditions, and inflammatory disorders. Common causes include:

Trauma: severe head or neck injuries, such as those resulting from motor vehicle accidents or falls, can cause occipitocervical instability.

Congenital anomalies: some individuals may be born with structural anomalies or malformations in the occipitocervical region, which may predispose them to instability. They may also have associated conditions such as tethered medulla, Mast Cell Activation Syndrome (MCAS), presence of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, and others.

Degenerative conditions: conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis can cause rupture of joints and ligaments in the occipitocervical region, leading to instability.

Inflammatory disorders: Inflammatory conditions, such as ankylosing spondylitis, can affect the stability of the occipitocervical junction.

Symptoms of occipitocervical instability may vary depending on the severity and underlying cause. Common signs and symptoms may include neck pain, stiffness, headaches (particularly at the base of the skull), limited range of motion, muscle weakness or paralysis, and neurological symptoms such as numbness, tingling, or difficulty with coordination.

The diagnosis of occipitocervical instability usually involves a complete physical examination, a review of the medical history and imaging studies such as X-rays, CBCT of the cervical spine, Cineradiology, CT scans or MRI scans simple and contrasted with vascular studies in addition. 

It is important to obtain an accurate diagnosis and an appropriate treatment plan for occipitocervical instability. Treatment options vary depending on the severity of the instability and the underlying cause. Mild cases can be managed with conservative approaches such as rest, physiotherapy, pain control and bracing. However, more severe cases may require surgical intervention to stabilize the occipitocervical junction. Surgical procedures may involve the use of screws, plates, or rods to immobilize and fuse the affected vertebrae.

It is essential to note that these conditions can vary in severity, and the associated symptoms can also be different in each case. If you suspect that you have a structural abnormality in the occipitocervical region or experience symptoms of occipitocervical instability, I would recommend that you consult a doctor specializing in neurology or neurosurgery to obtain a proper diagnosis and discuss treatment options.

At our centre we have all the means available for both the study and treatment, whether or not surgery is required for these conditions, with a multidisciplinary team assessing the patient. Dr. Oliver and his team have a vast and significant experience in occipitocervical fusions, being pioneers in some of the techniques that are always used with the help of neurophysiological monitoring, the presence of transoperative O-arm assisted surgery with the Neuronavigator.

Occipital-cervical fusion is a surgical procedure performed to treat occipital-cervical instability. It involves the union or fusion of the occipital and cervical bones using bone grafts and plates or screws to stabilize the spine. This procedure helps prevent excessive movement and restore stability to the spine.

Neuronavigation is a technology used during surgery to help the surgeon accurately guide instruments and perform occipital-cervical fusion. It uses magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) to create a 3D map of the patient's anatomy. During surgery, a tracking system is used to track the position of surgical instruments in relation to the patient's pre-operative anatomy. This provides real-time information to the surgeon, facilitating accurate implant placement and reducing the risk of damaging nearby structures.

Occipital-cervical fusion with neuronavigation is an advanced technique that allows for greater precision and safety during the surgical procedure. It helps the surgeon make more informed decisions and perform surgery more accurately, which can result in better patient outcomes. However, it is important to keep in mind that each case is unique, and the decision to use neuronavigation in occipital-cervical fusion surgery should be made by the medical team based on the individual patient's assessment.

Percutaneous outpatient procedures are minimally invasive techniques used for pain management. These procedures are performed through the skin, without the need for open surgery, which reduces risk, recovery time and hospitalization.

Here are some common examples of percutaneous outpatient procedures for pain management:

1. Epidural injections: An anaesthetic drug or corticosteroid is administered into the epidural space around the spinal cord. These injections are commonly used to treat lower back or neck pain and can relieve inflammation and reduce pain.

2. Nerve blocks: A local anaesthetic is injected near the nerves that transmit the pain signal to a certain area of the body. Nerve blocks are used to treat chronic pain in areas such as the back, neck, limbs, or joints.

3. Pulsed radiofrequency: This procedure uses a radiofrequency current to generate heat in the nerves that transmit pain signals. Heat helps to interrupt the transmission of pain signals, providing long-term relief. Pulsed radiofrequency is commonly used to treat chronic pain in the back, neck, and joints.

4. Radiofrequency ablation: Similar to pulsed radiofrequency, this procedure uses radiofrequency-generated heat to destroy the nerves that transmit pain signals. Radiofrequency ablation is performed when long-term pain relief is sought in specific areas, such as the facet joints of the spine.

5. Joint infiltrations: A local anaesthetic and corticosteroid is injected into a joint to reduce inflammation and relieve pain caused by conditions such as arthritis or joint injuries.

6. PRP (Platelet Rich Plasma) Platelet Rich Plasma or Growth Factor infiltrations have been widely used as an effective technological approach to tissue repair, significantly alleviating spinal pain. Although this technique has been used for years in the United States and Europe, it is a novelty in our country. It is performed in a sterile operating theatre environment, under radioscopic and anaesthetic control. It is an outpatient procedure that provides a very satisfactory response for the treatment of discopathies (herniated discs) and osteoarthritis of the facet joints.

Furthermore, it is important to note that these procedures are performed at our centre by trained medical professionals in an appropriate clinical environment. Each patient and pain condition are unique, so a good patient assessment is necessary to determine the best treatment option for each case.

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is a regenerative therapy that has been used in various areas of medicine, including the treatment of some spinal pathologies.

PRP is obtained from the patient's own blood. A blood sample is collected and processed by centrifugation to separate the blood components. Platelet-rich plasma, which contains a higher concentration of platelets and growth factors, is collected and used for treatment.

In the case of spinal pathologies, such as disc herniation or disc degeneration, PRP has been used in combination with other therapeutic approaches, such as physical therapy, strengthening exercises and medication. The aim of PRP is to promote regeneration and healing of damaged tissues in the spine.

The growth factors present in PRP can stimulate tissue repair and regeneration by promoting the formation of new blood vessels, cell growth and extracellular matrix production. This can help reduce inflammation, relieve pain, and improve function in the affected spine.

Each case is unique, and PRP treatment must be individualized.

In our centre, the procedure is conducted by medical professionals trained in the use of this therapy. 

It is performed in a sterile operating theatre environment, under radioscopic and anaesthetic control. It is an outpatient procedure that provides a very satisfactory response for the treatment of discopathies (herniated discs) and osteoarthritis of the facet joints.

Minimally invasive adolescent scoliosis reduction with the ApiFix system is a surgical approach used to treat adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, which is a lateral curvature of the spine that develops during adolescence.

The ApiFix system is a medical device designed to correct and stabilize scoliosis using a minimally invasive approach. It consists of an articulated rod that is implanted in the spine, specifically in the vertebrae affected by the curvature.

The ApiFix procedure is performed through small incisions on the side of the back. Dilation and muscle separation techniques are used to gain access to the spinal column. The hinged rod is then inserted through the pedicles of the vertebrae and fixed in place with screws.

The ApiFix system uses a ratchet mechanism that allows for gradual correction of the curvature over time as the patient grows. The device is periodically adjusted in follow-up consultations to achieve continuous curvature correction.

Once the desired correction has been achieved, the hinged rod is fixed in its final position to maintain the stability of the spine. As the patient grows, the spine is expected to consolidate and fuse naturally into a corrected position.

Minimally invasive adolescent scoliosis reduction with the ApiFix system offers potential advantages over traditional open surgery, such as less blood loss, reduced muscle and tissue damage, faster recovery time and shorter hospital stay.

It is important to note that not all patients are candidates for this approach. Also, the choice of treatment depends on several factors, such as the severity of the curvature, the age of the patient and the experience of the surgeon. A spine specialist will evaluate your specific case and determine if minimally invasive adolescent scoliosis reduction with the ApiFix System is right for you.

Minimally invasive spinal fusion with transpedicular screws is a surgical technique used to treat spinal instability and other spinal disorders, with the goal of stabilizing the vertebrae and promoting bony fusion.

In this procedure, small incisions are made in the skin and muscle dilation and separation techniques are used to gain access to the spine. Transpedicular screws are then inserted through the pedicles of the vertebrae into the region to be treated.

Transpedicular screws are placed precisely and strategically to provide stability to the spine. These screws are connected by rods or plates, creating a fixation system that holds the vertebrae in the proper position to allow bone fusion.

Spinal fusion is completed by placing bone grafts or bone substitutes in the space between the vertebrae. These grafts promote the growth of new bone tissue and facilitate fusion between the vertebrae, creating a more stable spine.

Minimally invasive spinal fusion with transpedicular screws offers several advantages over traditional open surgery. These advantages may include less blood loss, less damage to surrounding muscles and tissues, less postoperative pain, faster recovery, and a shorter hospital stay.

It is important to note that not all patients are candidates for minimally invasive spinal fusion with transpedicular screws. The choice of treatment depends on numerous factors, such as the type and severity of the spinal disorder, the patient's anatomy, and the surgeon's experience.

A spine specialist will evaluate your specific case and determine if minimally invasive spinal fusion with transpedicular screws is right for you. It is indispensable to discuss the potential benefits and risks with the medical team before making a decision.

Minimally invasive interbody fusion techniques, such as XLIF (Extreme Lateral Interbody Fusion) and OLIF (Oblique Lateral Interbody Fusion), are surgical approaches used to fuse two or more vertebrae in the spine to treat conditions such as disc degeneration, spondylolisthesis, or other spinal disorders.

1. XLIF (Extreme Lateral Interbody Fusion): The XLIF is an extreme lateral approach performed from the patient's side. In this procedure, a small incision is made on the side of the abdomen or the side of the back, and the disc space is accessed through a corridor created between the intercostal muscles or the abdominal muscles. A dilator system is used to separate the tissues, and an intervertebral cage is inserted into the disc space to maintain height and promote bony fusion. The XLIF allows lumbar disc fusion without the need to touch the spinal nerves.

2. OLIF (Oblique Lateral Interbody Fusion): OLIF is also a lateral approach performed from the side of the abdomen. In this approach, an incision is made in the side of the abdomen and the disc space is accessed through a corridor created between the abdominal and retroperitoneal muscles. A tubular retractor is used to provide access to the disc space, and an intervertebral cage is inserted into the space to facilitate bony fusion. The OLIF allows fusion of the lumbar discs and provides a large contact surface for solid fusion.

Both techniques, XLIF and OLIF, aim to achieve intervertebral fusion, restore disc height, and relieve symptoms related to spinal nerve compression. These minimally invasive approaches offer potential advantages, such as less blood loss, less muscle and tissue damage, faster recovery time and shorter hospital stay compared to traditional open fusion techniques.

However, it is important to note that not all patients are candidates for these techniques and that the choice of approach depends on several factors, such as the location of the lesion, the patient's anatomy, and the surgeon's experience. A spine specialist will evaluate your specific case and determine the most appropriate surgical approach for you.

The dynamic transpedicular screw stabilization system is a surgical technique used to treat certain spinal disorders, such as spinal instability or disc degeneration.

In this procedure, transpedicular screws are used, which are inserted through the pedicles of the vertebrae in the spine. These screws are attached to bars or plates, creating a stabilization system that provides support and allows controlled movement of the spine.

Unlike spinal fusion, where the goal is to fuse two or more vertebrae together to immobilize the spine, dynamic stabilization seeks to provide stability to the spine without completely eliminating natural motion.

The dynamic stabilization system with transpedicular screws offers several potential advantages. By allowing controlled movement of the spine, it can relieve stress on adjacent discs and vertebrae near the treated area, thus reducing the risk of further degeneration.

In addition, this approach can maintain a greater range of motion compared to spinal fusion, which may be beneficial in younger patients or those who need to maintain a significant level of mobility for daily activities or sports.

It is important to note that the dynamic stabilization system with transpedicular screws is not suitable for all cases of spinal disorders. The selection of the appropriate treatment depends on many factors, such as the type and severity of the condition, the patient's age, and general health, as well as the surgeon's preferences.

In our group, each case is individually evaluated by a spine specialist, who will determine if the dynamic stabilization system with transpedicular screws is appropriate and beneficial in your specific situation. 

As with any surgical procedure, there are risks and possible complications associated with it, and it is important to discuss the potential benefits and risks with the medical team before making a decision.

Artificial disc replacement (ADR) in the lumbar spine is a surgical procedure that seeks to treat disc degeneration in the lumbar region by replacing the damaged disc with an artificial device designed to restore disc height and function.

Lumbar ADR can be performed through different surgical approaches, the most common being the anterior approach and the lateral approach.

1. Anterior approach: In this approach, an incision is made in the patient's abdomen or side. The abdominal organs and blood vessels are moved aside to access the lumbar spine from the front. The degenerated disc is removed, and the artificial disc is inserted in its place. This approach allows a good direct view of the disc and ample working space for disc replacement.

2. Lateral approach: In this approach, an incision is made in the patient's side. The lumbar spine is accessed through a space between the muscles and the ribs. A series of dilators are placed to create a working channel and a retraction device is used to separate the tissues and access the degenerated disc. The artificial disc replaces the damaged disc. This approach avoids manipulation of the abdominal organs and provides good visualization of the disc to be treated.  

Both the anterior and lateral approaches have their specific advantages and considerations, and the choice of approach depends on several factors, such as the location and extent of disc degeneration, the anatomical characteristics of the patient and the experience of the surgeon.

Lumbar ADR with either approach aims to restore function and relieve pain while preserving spinal mobility compared to spinal fusion, which fuses the vertebral segments. However, not all patients are candidates for lumbar ADR, and it is important to carefully evaluate each case and discuss treatment options with a spine specialist.

As with any surgical procedure, there are risks and potential complications associated with lumbar ADR. Therefore, it is essential to have a thorough evaluation, discuss the risks and benefits with the surgeon and follow postoperative recommendations for a successful recovery.

Artificial disc replacement (ADR) is a surgical procedure used in the treatment of disc degeneration in the cervical spine. Also known as cervical disc arthroplasty.

The cervical spine is composed of seven vertebrae and the intervertebral discs, which function as shock absorbers between the vertebrae. Over time, these discs can wear out and lose their function, which can result in pain and limited movement.

The goal of cervical ADR is to replace the degenerated cervical disc with an artificial device designed to restore disc height and function while allowing normal movement of the cervical spine.

During the cervical ADR procedure, an incision is made in the front of the neck to access the cervical spine. The damaged disc is then carefully removed, and the artificial disc is put in its place.

The artificial disc is composed of two main components: an inferior part that inserts into the lower vertebra and an upper part that inserts into the upper vertebra. These two parts are joined by a joint that allows movement and flexion of the cervical spine.

Cervical ADR has several potential advantages over spinal fusion, which is another common procedure for treating disc degeneration. By preserving the mobility of the cervical spine, cervical ADR can help prevent additional stress on adjacent discs and maintain normal spinal function.

However, not all patients are candidates for cervical ADR. The selection of suitable patients is based on various factors, such as the location and extent of disc degeneration, the patient's general health and specific spinal conditions.

It is important to learn from a spine specialist what treatment options are available and to determine if cervical ADR is appropriate in your particular case. As with any surgical procedure, there are risks and potential complications associated with it, so it is essential to have a thorough evaluation and follow the instructions of your medical team.

In our centre, this is one of the most frequent surgeries we perform.

The METRx tubular retractor is an instrument used in spinal surgery to access the spinal canal and perform minimally invasive surgical procedures. It is used to provide an access route and adequate visualization during spinal decompression surgery.

During spinal decompression surgery, the main goal is to relieve pressure on nerve structures in the spinal canal, such as nerve roots or the spinal cord, which may be being compressed due to conditions such as herniated disc, spinal stenosis, or other pathologies.

The METRx tubular retractor is a cylindrical device that is placed in the spine through a small incision. This device is inserted between the muscles and gradually expands to create a working channel and keep the surrounding tissues separated, allowing clear visualization of the area to be treated.

Once the METRx tubular retractor is in place, the surgeon can use specialized instruments, such as microscopes and forceps, to remove the damaged or compressed tissue that is causing the symptoms. This allows effective decompression of the nerve structures and possible correction of the underlying pathology.

The METRx tubular retractor has the advantage of being less invasive than traditional spine surgery, which can result in faster recovery, less blood loss and lower risk of complications. However, not all cases are suitable for this approach, and it is important that our team assess your specific situation and determines if the METRx tubular retractor is appropriate for your condition.

It is essential to follow the instructions and recommendations of the medical team before and after surgery to ensure a successful recovery.

Endoscopic discectomy is a surgical procedure used to treat herniated discs in the spine. Unlike traditional open spine surgery, endoscopic discectomy uses a minimally invasive approach that allows the surgeon to access the herniated disc through small incisions using an endoscope.

The procedure is usually performed under local or general anaesthesia, depending on the preferences of the patient and the surgeon. During endoscopic discectomy, small incisions are made in the skin near the affected area of the spine. A thin endoscope and camera are then inserted through one of the incisions, allowing the surgeon to view the spine on a monitor.

Through this endoscope, specialized surgical instruments, such as forceps and clamps, are inserted to remove the herniated disc material. The surgeon may use vaporization or suction techniques to remove the part of the disc that is compressing the nerves or spinal cord.

Endoscopic discectomy is considered less invasive compared to open surgery, generally resulting in less blood loss, less postoperative pain, and faster recovery. In addition, by preserving the surrounding bone and muscle structure, there may be less risk of long-term complications such as spinal instability.

However, not all cases of disc herniation are suitable for endoscopic discectomy. The choice of treatment depends on several factors, such as the location of the herniation, the size of the herniated disc, the patient's symptomatology, and the surgeon's experience. It is important that a specialized doctor assesses your specific case and determines the most appropriate surgical approach for you.

Our collective has more than 20 years of experience in the application of this technique.

After endoscopic discectomy, physiotherapy or other rehabilitation treatments may be required to help strengthen the back muscles and improve mobility. Recovery time varies with each individual, but in general, most people are able to return to normal activities within a few weeks after the procedure.

The correction of spinal deformities in adults is a complex issue and depends on the type and severity of the deformity. Some of the most common spinal deformities in adults include scoliosis (lateral curvature of the spine), kyphosis (excessive forward curvature) and lordosis (excessive backward curvature).

Treatment of these deformities may involve conservative or surgical approaches, and the choice depends on a number of factors, such as the patient's age, the severity of the deformity, associated symptoms, and response to conservative treatments.

1. Conservative treatment: In some cases, especially when the deformity does not cause severe symptoms or does not progress rapidly, a conservative approach can be tried. This may include physical therapy, muscle-strengthening exercises, use of orthopaedic devices such as corsets or braces, and medications to manage pain and inflammation.

2. Surgery: In more severe or progressive cases, surgery may be necessary to correct the deformity and stabilize the spine. Surgical techniques vary depending on the type of deformity and may include spinal fusion, placement of implants such as screws and rods to realign and stabilize the spine, and in selected cases, osteotomy (controlled cutting of the bone) to correct the curvature.

It is important to note that the decision to undergo deformity correction surgery should be made after a thorough evaluation by a spine specialist, such as an orthopaedic surgeon or spine surgeon. They will carefully evaluate the case and discuss the risks, benefits, and expectations of surgical treatment.

In addition, the recovery process after deformity correction surgery can be lengthy and require intensive physical therapy to restore muscle strength, mobility, and spinal function.

In summary, the treatment of spinal deformities in adults varies according to the nature and severity of the deformity. The option of conservative or surgical treatment should be evaluated by a spine specialist, who will provide appropriate guidance according to the patient's specific case.

XLIF (Extreme Lateral Interbody Fusion) is a surgical technique used to treat certain spinal problems, specifically in the lumbar region. XLIF is performed through a lateral approach, i.e. through an incision on the side of the body, rather than through an anterior or posterior approach.

The XLIF technique is used to perform an intervertebral fusion and implant placement in the affected disc space. During the procedure, the intervertebral disc is accessed through the retroperitoneal space, avoiding the need to touch important structures such as spinal nerves and abdominal organs. This reduces the risk of complications associated with other approaches.

The main advantage of the XLIF is that it allows intervertebral fusion and stabilization of the lumbar spine without the need for large incisions in the back or abdomen. This may result in a faster recovery, less postoperative pain, and less damage to surrounding tissues compared to other techniques.

However, it is important to note that XLIF is not suitable for all cases. Specific patients are selected who meet certain criteria, such as the location and nature of the disc disease, the anatomy of the spine and the presence of concomitant medical conditions. The decision to perform a stand-alone XLIF is based on individual patient assessment by a medical team specialized in spine surgery.

It is essential to determine whether the stand-alone XLIF is a suitable option in your specific case. One of our specialists will be able to assess your needs and provide you with the best recommendation and treatment plan.

C1-C2 fixation, also known as atlantoaxial fixation, is a surgical procedure used to stabilize the C1 and C2 vertebrae in the cervical spine. These vertebrae are known as the atlas (C1) and axis (C2) and are located at the top of the cervical spine.

C1-C2 fixation is performed when there is instability or subluxation at the atlantoaxial joint, which is the joint between the atlas and axis. This instability can be caused by different conditions, such as traumatic injuries, rheumatic diseases, or congenital anomalies.

During the C1-C2 fixation procedure, titanium screws and rods are used to stabilize the C1 and C2 vertebrae. The screws are inserted into the specific anatomical points of these vertebrae, providing a solid hold. The rods are connected to the screws to hold the vertebrae in their correct position and prevent any unwanted movement. Autologous or heterologous bone grafts can also be used for further structural support.

C1-C2 fixation is primarily aimed at restoring stability to the cervical spine and relieving symptoms associated with atlantoaxial instability, such as neck pain, weakness, coordination problems and walking difficulties.

It is important to note that C1-C2 fixation is a complex procedure that requires careful evaluation and planning by a medical team specialized in spine surgery such as the one present in our group. 

Risks and complications may vary from case to case, and it is essential, before deciding about treatment, to discuss with the surgeon the details of the procedure, as well as the specific risks and benefits.

Posterior cervical decompression surgery with posterior cervical plates is a surgical procedure used to treat issues in the cervical spine, such as compression of the spinal cord or nerves due to spinal stenosis, herniated discs, or cervical spondylosis.

During posterior cervical decompression, an incision is made in the back of the neck to access the cervical spine. Bone structures, such as laminae and bone spicules, which are causing compression on the spinal cord or nerves are then removed. This decompression helps to relieve pressure on nerve structures and allows better nerve circulation.

After decompression, posterior cervical plates are placed in the cervical spine. These plates are metal devices that are attached to the vertebrae using screws. Cervical backplates provide additional stability to the cervical spine and help to keep the vertebrae in their correct position while healing and bone fusion occurs.

The goal of posterior cervical decompression surgery with posterior cervical plates is to relieve symptoms associated with spinal cord or nerve compression, such as neck or arm pain, weakness, loss of sensation and coordination problems.

As with any surgical procedure, posterior cervical decompression with posterior cervical plates carries risks and potential complications. Some of these complications may include infection, bleeding, injury to nerves or blood vessels, healing issues and dysphagia (difficulty swallowing).

The success of the surgery and recovery time may vary depending on the individual case.

Anterior cervical corpectomy is a surgical procedure used to treat serious problems in the cervical spine, such as large, herniated discs, traumatic injuries or tumours affecting the vertebrae and intervertebral discs.

During anterior cervical corpectomy, an incision is made in the front of the neck to access the cervical spine. Then, part or all of a vertebra is removed, including the adjacent intervertebral discs. This removal is performed to relieve pressure on the spinal cord or nerves coming out of the cervical spine.

Once the corpectomy has been performed, reconstruction and stabilization of the spine is carried out. This is achieved by inserting a bone graft or bone substitute into the empty space left by the removed vertebra. In addition, plates and screws can be used to provide additional stability while bone fusion is taking place.

The main goal of anterior cervical corpectomy is to relieve symptoms associated with spinal cord or nerve compression, such as weakness, loss of sensation, coordination problems and pain in the neck or arms.

Like any surgical procedure, anterior cervical corpectomy carries risks and possible complications. Some of these complications may include infection, bleeding, injury to nerves or blood vessels, healing problems, dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) and dysphonia (voice changes).

The success of the anterior cervical corpectomy and recovery time may vary depending on the individual case.

Anterior Cervical Decompression and Fusion (ACDF) is a surgical procedure used to treat problems in the cervical spine, specifically the vertebrae and intervertebral discs.

During the ACDF, an incision is made in the front of the neck to access the cervical spine. The damaged or herniated intervertebral disc that is causing compression on the nerves or spinal cord is then removed. Decompression is performed by removing additional tissue or bony structures that may be contributing to compression.

Once decompression has taken place, fusion takes place. This involves joining two or more adjacent vertebrae using a bone graft or bone substitute, and in some cases, plates and/or screws are used to provide additional stability while the bone fusion takes place. In our collective we also use a more modern system known as: ROI-C cervical intersomatic box, which, unlike the previous ones, uses curved anchors that do not protrude into the anterior portion of the vertebrae, with excellent results with this system.

The goal of ACDF is to relieve symptoms associated with nerve or spinal cord compression in the cervical spine, such as neck pain, weakness, tingling, or numbness in the arms, and coordination problems. In addition, spinal fusion helps stabilize the cervical spine and prevent recurrence of disc herniation or nerve compression.

As with any surgical procedure, ACDF carries some risks and possible complications, which may include infection, bleeding, injury to nerves or blood vessels, scarring issues, dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) and dysphonia (voice changes).

The success of the ACDF and recovery time may vary depending on the individual case.

Adolescent scoliosis is a condition in which the spine has an abnormal lateral curvature. It mainly affects growing adolescents, usually during puberty. The exact cause of adolescent scoliosis is not always known, although it is thought to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors.

Signs and symptoms of adolescent scoliosis can vary, but commonly include:

• Visible deviation of the spine to one side.

• Asymmetry of the shoulders, hips, or rib cage.

• Back pain, especially in more severe cases.

• Fatigue or a feeling of tiredness in the back after prolonged periods of standing or sitting.

• Limited mobility of the spine.

The diagnosis of adolescent scoliosis is made by physical examination and imaging tests, such as X-rays of the spine. The severity of the curvature is measured using the Cobb angle, which is the measure of the degree of curvature of the spine.

Treatment of adolescent scoliosis depends on several factors, including the severity of the curve, the age of the patient and the potential for curve progression. In mild cases, the physician may opt for a strategy of observation with regular follow-up to monitor the curve. In more severe cases or those that are progressing, treatment may include:

Use of an orthopaedic corset: It is used to stop the progression of the curve and is usually recommended when the curvature reaches a certain degree.

Physiotherapy and specific exercises: They can help strengthen back muscles and improve posture.

Surgery: It is considered in cases of very severe or progressive curvatures that affect respiratory function or cause significant pain. Scoliosis surgery involves correcting the curve by placing implants (screws and rods) and fusing the affected vertebrae.

It is important to consult a spine specialist for proper diagnosis and determination of the best treatment approach for adolescent scoliosis.